肌肉注射3000iu /小瓶人类生长类固醇红细胞生成素

产品详情：

epo
EPO Powder 3000iu / vial，5vials / kit
EPO注射液3000iu /瓶，5瓶/套
cas：17256886-58-2
外观：白色冻干粉/注射液


描述：

EPO是以重组形式（rhEPO）注射销售的红细胞生成刺激剂（ESA）。其通常包装为冻干（冷冻干燥）粉末，其在注射前用无菌水重构。一种流行的形式称为Epogen（r），它是为皮下使用。起始剂量通常为20i.u.每公斤体重，每周3次。两至四周后，维持剂量为20i.u. / kg BW可每周服用一次。

如果用户允许其血细胞比容蠕变太高，EPO使用可能是非常危险的。运动表现的理想血细胞比容被认为是55（以百分比表示）。高于此水平可导致血液“淤积”，其减少微循环。这对氧传输起反作用。此外，在高血细胞比容水平下，致死性血管事件例如中风的风险更大，特别是如果他/她在竞争期间变得脱水（其进一步增加血细胞比容）。

除了通过在血液中更大的氧运输来提高有氧效率，有一些证据表明EPO也可能具有合成代谢作用。 EPO已经在大鼠研究中显示出在手术后显着增加体重增加和损伤修复。此外，EPO受体存在于成肌细胞（未成熟​​肌细胞祖细胞）上，并且可能具有肌肉发育和修复的潜力。

EPO或其替代性红细胞生成素或EPO是控制红细胞生成或红细胞产生的糖蛋白激素。它是骨髓中红细胞（红细胞）前体的细胞因子。

也称为血细胞生成素或血细胞生成素，它由肾脏中的管周毛细血管内皮细胞产生，并且是调节红细胞生成的激素。它还具有其他已知的生物功能。例如，EPO在脑对神经元损伤的反应中起重要作用。 EPO也参与伤口愈合过程。
当外源EPO用作性能增强药物时，它被归类为红细胞生成刺激剂（ESA）。由于与内源蛋白质的轻微差异，例如在翻译后修饰的特征中，外源EPO通常可在血液中检测。

功能：

红细胞生产
EPO的主要作用是红细胞生成的必需激素。没有它，确定的红细胞生成不发生。在缺氧条件下，肾脏将产生和分泌EPO以通过靶向CFU-E，成红细胞和嗜碱性成红细胞亚群在分化中增加红细胞的产生。 EPO通过保护这些细胞免于凋亡而促进其存活，对红细胞祖细胞和前体（其在人类的骨髓中发现）具有主要作用。

EPO是与各种其它生长因子（例如IL-3，IL-6，糖皮质激素和SCF）合作的主要红细胞生成因子，参与来自多能祖细胞的红细胞生成的发展。爆发形成单位 - 红细胞（BFU-E）细胞启动EPO受体表达，并对EPO敏感。随后阶段，集落形成单位 - 红细胞（CFU-E）表达最大EPO受体密度，完全依赖于EPO进一步分化。红细胞，原成红细胞和嗜碱性成红细胞的前体也表达EPO受体，因此受其影响。

非造血作用
Epo具有一系列作用，包括血管收缩依赖性高血压，刺激血管发生和诱导平滑肌纤维的增殖。它可以通过抑制激素铁调素增加铁吸收。

已经在脑组织中检测到100倍基线的EPO水平作为对缺氧损伤的自然反应。'5'在大鼠中，用红细胞生成素预处理与在诱导的脑缺氧期间的神经元保护相关。'6没有报道。

多项研究表明EPO改善记忆。这种效应与其对血细胞比容的影响无关。相反，它与海马反应和对突触连接，神经元可塑性和记忆相关的神经网络的影响的增加相关.'10'EPO可能对情绪有影响。

医疗用途
可用作治疗剂的EPO通过重组DNA技术在细胞培养物中产生，包括Epogen / Procrit（epoetin alfa）和Aranesp（达贝泊汀α）;它们用于治疗由慢性肾脏疾病，炎症性肠病（克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎）'18'和来自癌症（化疗和放射）治疗的骨髓发育不良引起的贫血。包装插页包括增加的死亡风险，心肌梗死，中风，静脉血栓栓塞和肿瘤复发的盒装警告，特别是当用于将血红蛋白水平增加至大于11至12g / dl时。

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Musclebuilding Injection 3000iu/Vial Human Growth Steroid Erythropoetin Epo

Product Details:

EPO
EPO Powder 3000iu/vial, 5vials/kit
EPO Injection 3000iu/vial, 5vials/kit
CAS:17256886-58-2
Appearance: White Freeze dried Powder/ Injection


Description:

EPO is an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) that is sold in recombinant form (rhEPO) for injection. It usually is packaged as a lyophilized (freeze dried) powder that is reconstituted with sterile water before injection. One popular form is called Epogen (r), and it is made for subcutaneous usage. A starting dosage is typically 20 i.u. per kilogram bodyweight, 3 times/week. After two to four weeks, a maintenance dose of 20 i.u. /kg BW can be taken once a week.

EPO use can be very dangerous if the user allows their hematocrit to creep too high. The ideal hematocrit for athletic performance is thought to be 55 (expressed in percent). Levels above this can result in 'sludging' of the blood, which reduces microcirculation. This is counterproductive to oxygen transport. Additionally, at high hematocrit levels one is at greater risk for deadly vascular events such as stroke, especially if he/she becomes dehydrated during competition (which increases hematocrit even further).

In addition to increasing aerobic efficiency through greater oxygen transport in the blood, there is some evidence suggesting EPO may also have anabolic effects. EPO has been shown in rat studies to substantially increase weight gain and injury repair after surgery. Furthermore, EPO receptors are present on myoblasts (immature muscle cell progenitors) and may have a potential in muscle development and repair.

EPO, or its alternative erythropoetin or EPO, is a glycoprotein hormone that controls erythropoiesis, or red blood cell production. It is a cytokine for erythrocyte (red blood cell) precursors in the bone marrow.

Also called hematopoietin or hemopoietin, it is produced by the peritubular capillary endothelial cells in the kidney, and is the hormone that regulates red blood cell production. It also has other known biological functions. For example, EPO plays an important role in the brain's response to neuronal injury. EPO is also involved in the wound healing process.
When exogenous EPO is used as a performance-enhancing drug, it is classified as an erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA). Exogenous EPO can often be detected in blood, due to slight difference from the endogenous protein, for example in features of posttranslational modification.

Function:

Red blood cell production
The primary role of EPO is an essential hormone for red blood cell production. Without it, definitive erythropoiesis does not take place. Under hypoxic conditions, the kidney will produce and secrete EPO to increase the production of red blood cells by targeting CFU-E, proerythroblast and basophilic erythroblast subsets in the differentiation. EPO has its primary effect on red blood cell progenitors and precursors (which are found in the bone marrow in humans) by promoting their survival through protecting these cells from apoptosis.

EPO is the primary erythropoietic factor that cooperates with various other growth factors (e.g., IL-3, IL-6, glucocorticoids, and SCF) involved in the development of erythroidlineage from multipotent progenitors. The burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) cells start EPO receptor expression and are sensitive to EPO. Subsequent stage, the colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E), expresses maximal EPO receptor density and is completely dependent on EPO for further differentiation. Precursors of red cells, the proerythroblasts and basophilic erythroblasts also express EPO receptor and are therefore affected by it.

Nonhematopoietic roles
Epo has a range of actions including vasoconstriction-dependent hypertension, stimulating angiogenesis, and inducing proliferation of smooth muscle fibers. It can increase iron absorption by suppressing the hormone hepcidin.

EPO levels of 100 times the baseline have been detected in brain tissue as a natural response to hypoxic damage.[5] In rats, pretreatment with erythropietin was associated with neuronal protection during induced cerebral hypoxia.[6] Trials in humans have not been reported.

Multiple studies have suggested that EPO improves memory. This effect is independent of its effect on hematocrit. Rather, it is associated with an increase in hippocampal response and effects on synaptic connectivity, neuronal plasticity, and memory-related neural networks.[9][10] EPO may have effects on mood.

Medical uses
EPO available for use as therapeutic agents are produced by recombinant DNA technology in cell culture, and include Epogen/Procrit (epoetin alfa) and Aranesp (darbepoetin alfa); they are used in treating anemia resulting fromchronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcer colitis)[18] and myelodysplasia from the treatment of cancer (chemotherapy and radiation). The package inserts include boxed warnings of increased risk of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, and tumor recurrence, particularly when used to increase the hemoglobin levels to more than 11 to 12 g/dl.

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